Genomic editing techniques for ensuring food security: CRISPR Cas, TALEN, ZFN, RNAi and mutagenesis

Abstract

The agricultural sector is increasingly challenged by problems such as resource scarcity, nutrient deprivation, climate change, biotic and abiotic stress amid the increasing need of food security for ever-increasing global population. Traditional breeding methods, though applicable, are often time-consuming and ineffective in immediately addressing these issues. Genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR Cas, TALEN, ZFN, RNA interference (RNAi), and mutagenesis, offer transformative solution by enabling precise and fruitful modifications to plant genomes. These techniques facilitate rapid crop improvement, improve yields, and increase resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, thereby fostering sustainability in agricultural systems. This review examines the principles, applications, and limitations of these genome editing techniques, emphasizing the importance of selecting appropriate techniques for attaining goals and applications. Every technique has its pros and cons. CRISPR Cas stands out for its simplicity and efficiency, while TALEN and ZFN offer higher specificity. RNAi provides a means to modulate gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, and mutagenesis generates genetic diversity through inducing random mutations by physical and chemical means. Understanding the functioning mechanisms, strengths and weaknesses of each technique is vital for its application in optimizing crop productivity and addressing global food security. This review aims to guide researchers in choosing the most suitable genomic editing tools to boost crop productivity and resilience in the face of evolving global challenges.