Assessment and management strategies for soil pollution in Pakistan: A review

Abstract

Soil pollution is a pressing environmental issue in Pakistan, with adverse implications for agriculture, human health, and ecosystem sustainability. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of soil pollution in Pakistan, focusing on assessment, management strategies, policy frameworks, remediation techniques, contamination sources, monitoring, and research priorities. The study highlights the urgency of addressing soil pollution and its detrimental impacts on the environment and human health. It explores various assessment methods, including soil sampling, laboratory analysis, remote sensing, and geospatial technologies, emphasizing the importance of data interpretation and mapping for understanding the extent and severity of soil pollution. The review discussed the role of robust policy frameworks and regulatory mechanisms in preventing and controlling soil pollution, with a particular emphasis on industrial pollution control, agricultural practices, waste management, and the use of hazardous substances. It further investigates innovative approaches and technologies for soil remediation, such as bioremediation, electrokinetic remediation, and nanotechnology. Additionally, the review highlights the significance of research priorities, including soil pollution characterization, emerging contaminants, socio-economic impacts, and policy and governance aspects. The findings of this review contribute to enhancing knowledge and informing effective soil pollution management strategies in Pakistan, while also providing valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners worldwide.