مقاصد شریعت کا آغاز و ارتقاء اور شرعی احکام اور ان کے مقاصد میں ربط کی تلاش: ایک جائزہ
Keywords:
مقصد, مقاصد شریعت, مصلحہ, مصالح, جلب منفعت, دفع مضرت, اجتہاد, قیاس, higher objectives,, Maqāṣid,, maṣlaḥah, public interest,, Islamic law,, Ijtihad, qiyas, prevention of harm, Promotion of benefitAbstract
خلاصہ:
فقہ اسلامی کا ذخیرہ قرآن و سنت میں بیان کردہ شریعت کے احکام کی تفہیم پر مشتمل ہے۔ احکام کے فہم کو جن بنیادی اصولوں کی روشنی میں مرتب کیا گیا ہےاور مستقبل میں بھی کیا جاتا رہے گا ان میں سے ایک بنیادی اصول مقاصد شریعت ہے جو یہ سمجھنے میں مدد کرتا ہے کہ کسی بھی شرعی حکم کو اللہ تبارک وتعالیٰ نے کیوں کر انسانوں پر فرض یا واجب کیا ہے ۔ اس مقالے میں مقاصد شریعت کے آغاز ، اس کے ارتقاء، قرآن و حدیث میں مقاصد کے اعتبار کے دلائل اور دور نبوی اور دور صحابہ سے مقاصد اور مصالح کو پیش نظر رکھنے کے ثبوت نقل کرنے کے بعد دو طرح کے احکام کے مقاصد کو واضح کرنے کی کوشش کی گئی ہے: اول وہ احکام جن کے مقاصد خود اللہ تبارک وتعالیٰ نے یا نبی کریم ﷺ نے واضح کردیے ہیں اور انہیں صراحتاً بیان کردیا گیا ہے۔ دوم وہ احکام جن کے مقاصد کے لیے مصادر شریعت یعنی قرآن وحدیث میں تدبر اور غور و فکر کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔ پہلی قسم دوسری قسم کے احکام کے لیے قیاسی مصدر کے طور پر استعمال ہوتی ہے۔
AbstractThe science of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) is rooted in the understanding and interpretation of divine rulings revealed in the Qurʾān and the Sunna of the Prophet, upon him blessings and peace. Among the fundamental principles that inform this understanding is maqāṣid al-sharīʿa—the higher objectives of Islamic law—which seeks to uncover the divine wisdom behind legal obligations. This principle aids jurists and scholars in discerning the rationale (ḥikma) for which particular rulings have been mandated for human conduct. This article examines the origin and development of the concept of maqāṣid, its evidentiary foundations in the Qurʾān and Sunna, and the demonstrable application of maqāṣid and maṣāliḥ during the Prophetic era and the period of the Companions. It then proceeds to classify legal rulings into two categories: (i) those whose objectives have been explicitly stated by the Divine or through the Prophetic discourse, and (ii) those whose objectives require inferential analysis through reflective engagement with the primary sources of Islamic law. The former serves as analogical precedents (maṣdar qiyāsī) for understanding the latter, providing a framework for deducing underlying purposes through careful reasoning and textual reflection. This maqāṣid-oriented approach remains vital to the dynamic continuity of Islamic legal thought across time.
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