Indian Response to Junagadh's Accession with Pakistan: A Critical Analysis

Abstract

The Kathiawar Muslim state of Junagadh, ruled by the Babi dynasty for the last two centuries, in September 1947, prompted a strong and complex response from India, ultimately leading to its occupation and annexation. This article critically analyses India's reaction after the legal accession of the state, focusing on political manoeuvres, the creation of the Provisional Government called Arzi Hukumat, the economic blockade, and military intervention. The research is exploratory and explanatory, drawing on primary sources such as official documents, newspapers, and personal correspondence. Politically, India opposed the decision of the Nawab of Junagadh due to Junagadh’s geographical location and its Hindu-majority population. Indian leaders such as Sardar Patel and V.P. Menon engaged in subversive efforts and public discourse to challenge Pakistan’s claim. In response, they established the Arzi Hukumat under Samaldas Gandhi, who served as the head of the provisional government and played a role in Junagadh’s integration into India through violence. Drawing on archival data, this study examines Arzi Hekmat’s role in mobilising resistance and influencing India’s strategy. It provides a nuanced understanding of India’s integration of Junagadh, revealing how political strategy, economic pressure, and military force shaped state consolidation. Additionally, it contributes to discussions on post-independence territorial disputes and India’s approach to integrating princely states.