سورۃ عبس (آیات 1–14): دعوتِ نبوی کے آداب، انسانی وقار اور قرآن کی تقدیس — لغوی، تفسیری اور تقابلی جائ زہ (بالخصوص تفسیرِ حقانی کی روشنی میں) Surah ʿAbasa (Verses 1–14): The Ethics of Prophetic Daʿwah, Human Dignity, and the Sanctity of the Qur’an — A Linguistic, Exegetical, and Comparative Study in the Light of Tafsīr Ḥaqqānī Section Articles

Abstract

This paper offers a linguistic, exegetical, and comparative study of Surah ʿAbasa (1–14), with particular emphasis on its ethical, theological, and hermeneutical dimensions. The context of revelation highlights the Prophet’s ﷺ encounter with the Quraysh elite during which ʿAbd Allāh ibn Umm Maktūm (RA) sought guidance. The Qur’an intervenes to affirm a universal principle of daʿwah: true seekers of guidance, regardless of social status, deserve priority over those who display arrogance and self-sufficiency.

A close philological analysis of key expressions—ʿabasa wa tawallā (to frown and turn away), istaghnā/tasaddā (self-sufficiency/turning towards), and tallahā (to be distracted)—demonstrates the Qur’an’s rhetorical precision. Exegetical debates over the antecedent of laʿallahū are examined, with classical scholars presenting divergent views that enrich interpretive possibilities. The study engages major exegetes, including Ibn Kathīr, Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, al-Zamakhsharī, al-Māturīdī, and al-Ālūsī, alongside the insights of Tafsīr Ḥaqqānī, which emphasizes the surah’s subtle critique (taʿrīḍ) of the Quraysh elite.

Verses 11–14 elevate the Qur’an itself as tadhkirah (a reminder), inscribed in ṣuḥuf mukarramah (honored, exalted, and purified tablets). This section underscores the sanctity, preservation, and universal relevance of revelation. Supplementary references to prophetic traditions portraying the Qur’an as ḥabl Allāh al-matīn (the Firm Rope of God), and the spiritual maxim of Imām Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq that God discloses Himself through His Word, further reinforce the Qur’an’s centrality as the unchanging source of divine guidance.

Ultimately, the study argues that Surah ʿAbasa presents a unified vision of ethical daʿwah, human equality before God, and the sanctity of revelation, offering enduring guidance for both spiritual practice and social engagement.